Culture in Negotiation - 7014 Words

This article was downloaded by: [UQ Library] On: 09 September 2011, At: 16:52 Publisher: Psychology Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK International Journal of Psychology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pijp20 Culture and Negotiation Jeanne M. Brett Available online: 21 Sep 2010 To cite this article: Jeanne M. Brett (2000): Culture and Negotiation, International Journal of Psychology, 35:2, 97-104 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002075900399385 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of†¦show more content†¦This article develops a conceptual model to explain how culture impacts negotiation . It draws on previous research on culture and on negotiation to develop an understandin g of how culture affects negotiation processes and outcomes. The article begins with a review of fundamental concepts in the literature on negotiation and culture. These concepts provide a language for what we know and what we do not know about culture and negotiation and allow us to build a model of factors affecting inter-cultural negotiation process and outcome. A MODEL OF INTER-CULTURAL NEGOTIATION Negotiation Negotiation is a form of social interaction. It is the process by which two or more parties try to resolve perceived incompatibl e goals (Carnevale Pruitt, 1992). In order to understand the effect of culture on negotiation, it is useful to have a mental model of negotiation. What is it that people mean when they say they negotiate? What is involved in negotiating? What is a good outcome in negotiation? What does it take to get a good outcome? What goes wrong in a negotiation that has a poor outcome? However, if culture has an effect on negotiation, the mental models of negotiators from one culture may not map on to the mental models of negotiators from another culture, making the speci ® cation of a single mental model problematic. There are two ways to approach this problem of specifying a mentalShow MoreRelatedNegotiations in an Organizational Culture1556 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿NEGOTIATIONS The term organizational culture is related to the study and understanding of the dynamics involved at a personal as well as a group level in work settings. The term also deals with the nature of the work as well (Kudisch et al. 1995). There are several factors that come into play when people interact in works. Understanding organizational culture is becoming increasingly important since the work is becoming a global village and people with diverse background and culture have to interactRead MoreThe Influence of Culture on Negotiation1342 Words   |  6 Pages The Influence of Culture on Negotiations Negotiation Elements and Cultural Dimensions adopt a much less confrontational style in order to avoid direct, aggressive conflict. These cultures may adopt a more collaborative orientation toward the negotiations. In developing a strategy, it must also include levels of risk a party is willing to take for sharing the information, revealing positions, and general considerations on how to best approach a collaborative negotiation strategy. AccordingRead MoreCulture Difference in Business Negotiation1456 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness negotiation 〠Abstract】International business negotiation is playing a more and more important role in modem society. We can see clearly that there are great differences in international business negotiation. Specially, culture can influence negotiating styles in different ways, because negotiators who may come from another nation is different from us in language, beliefs, behaviors manners, Privacy, Food custom, time, thinking, value and attitudes and so on. Different cultures express differentRead MoreCulture And International Business Negotiations1188 Words   |  5 PagesCulture and International Business Negotiations Global trades account for more than 60% of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (The Economist, 2014, para. 2), therefore, the important role of International Business Negotiations (IBN) in the global economy. Manrai and Manrai article The Influence of Culture in International Business Negotiations (2010) discusses the art and sciences aspects of successful IBN from a cultural perspective. Culture has been classified in innumerable ways and the comprehensionRead MoreNegotiation and Culture: Case Study24152 Words   |  97 PagesCulture and Negotiations Why do Japanese negotiators behave in the manner they do? How does culture affect negotiating behavior and outcomes? MASTER THESIS Author’s name: Patrycja J. Krause Student’s number: 258891 Academic advisor: Sà ¸ren O. Hilligsà ¸e Faculty of English Aarhus School of Business May 2006 I would like to thank my Mom, Barbara, for her understanding, encouragement and eternal support, as well as my advisor, Sà ¸ren O. Hilligsà ¸e, for his academic help, advice and faith in me keepingRead MoreHow Culture Affects Negotiation Styles3614 Words   |  15 PagesHow culture affects negotiation styles? Comparing New Zealand with Thailand in business negotiations 15066443 Maria Mishell Albores Assignment 3 Literature Review 219.703 Advanced Business Communication Lecturer: Mingshing Li Semester One 2015 Abstract This literature review paper will review the effects of culture on negotiations, using New Zealand and Thailand as the key countries of comparison. It will first cover how culture general affects negotiations. Then, it will compare the general cultureRead MoreInfluence Of Japanese Culture On Business Relationships And Negotiations1781 Words   |  8 Pages possible to meet a buyer’s wishes† (The Influence of Japanese Culture on Business Relationships and Negotiations, 1992, p. 56). Because the seller is in the lower position, they should use honorific language when addressing the buyer or they risk alienating a potential customer. Japan’s vertical structure can also lock Americans out due to the reciprocal relationships many businesses have with large banks and corporations. This structure is called keiretsu, of family of companies. AlthoughRead MoreThe Strong Need For Proper Negotiations Between Different Cultures949 Words   |  4 Pagesstrong need for proper negotiations between different cultures. This topic is one that needs everyone’s full attention, especially for those professionals involved in negotiations or government. Yes, this matter touches governments, because such negotiations, in many occasions involve other countries. For this particular exploration, one will focus on negotiations with Mexico. Therefore, it is for this affair that everyone must understand how important cross-culture negotiations are for this countryRead MoreDifferences Between Business Negotiations Between Different Cultures902 Words   |  4 PagesDifferences in Business Negotiations between Different Cultu res â€Å"Negotiation is a process where two or more parties with different needs and goals discuss an issue to find a mutually acceptable solution† (Queensland Government, 2014). This has proven to be an effective mechanism in contributing to firms’ success. However, with the introduction of globalization, there is a consistent concerned of upon how negotiations should be conducted between separate countries and cultures (Chang, 2006, para.1)Read MoreNegotiation Process and the Role That Culture Plays in Each Stage977 Words   |  4 PagesCross cultural negotiation stages Explain each stage of the negotiation process and the role that culture plays in each stage. Give example to support your answer There are 6 distinct stages to the negotiation process and they are all about effective communication. Since people’s culture has a strong bearing on how they communicate, the culture of the negotiating parties impacts how they negotiate and also determines whether they are successful in achieving the goals of their side. : (1) preparation;

The Motivations And Satisfaction Of Lic Students Essay

To investigate the motivations and satisfaction of LIC students when studying in the UK Introduction There is a prevalent trend of students going abroad for further study in the UK. In fact, the UK has become the second most common option for overseas students to study which is just behind the United Stateï ¼Ë†King et al., 2010). According to the data from UK Council for International Student Affairs (UKCISA) (2015), 19 percent of the students in the UK are from abroad. Studies have shown that oversea study experience can help students improve English proficiency, gain cultural experience, enhance individual competency, construct self-consciousness and notional consciousness, embrace diversity, and promote the sense of responsibility (Rhodes et al., 2012). As there are many benefits of overseas study, it is significant for the UK government and universities to understand the motivations of international students when they decide to study in the UK as well as the degree of satisfaction of their learning experience, so that they are able to realize their attractions and weaknesses. In particular, for Liverpool International College, this research will be able to give the college managers insight into the factors appealing to oversea students and then optimize its performance. For students, it can help them prepare before departing from their origin countries and adapt quickly to the UK courses. The objectives of this research are: To determine the motivations of LIC studentsShow MoreRelatedIntroduction And Design Of The Study3406 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION The human resource is considered as the backbone of any economic enterprise i.e., public, private or corporate. 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Meals Free Essays

Meals on Wheels Meals on Wheels was a very good community service that taught me some good things. Meals on Wheels is a voluntary work service that deals with elderly people who are sick, from diabetes to cancer. We as voluntary workers drop food off to these sick people who are registered through the hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on Meals or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many different types of patients you meet. They all happen to be around the same area as well. As we stop by the meals on wheels headquarters we first sign in and then pick up cooler full of cold food and a warm lunch bag to put the hot meals in. We then drive over to SST. Jude hospital where we pick up the hot food that has the patients names labeled on them. From here we drive to each patients house or apartment complex and drop off their assigned foods, which is one cold food meal pack, one milk, and a hot meal pack. Some places are so easy as getting off and dropping it off in the ice box they have set in front of their house or apartment complex while other patients e have to ring the door bell and hand it to them. Some days we will talk to some of these patients. For instance, at one of the first stops an older lady would come outside as we drop the food off and explain to me as she’s very sick and doesn’t feel well. Then go to explain how we walk with Jesus because we are doing this for her and how we are very blessed for doing it. It goes to show me how lucky I am for being young and healthy at the age I am and not take life for granted. Another Instance loud be an elderly guy who sits outside with his dog everyday before we pull up to drop his food off. He always seems to be In a very good mood and explains to me how I should be at the beach and not here doing this service. It shows the different kinds of people that are out there and there perspective towards things. Most of the people have their kids or husbands answer the door for them to get their food. At the end of the day we have delivered the food to twelve different people and head back to the Meals on Wheels headquarters where we drop off the lunch bag and the cooler. That Is the typical day of the Meals on Wheels service work. Hopefully some day In the future I can do this again on my free time. How to cite Meals, Papers

Superhero Genre Essay Georgia Jury Putter free essay sample

Women from the superhero genre in the sass were all about being the Dam sell in Distress,but todays modern superhero genre seem to be about Femme Fatal e and the woman relying less on the man. Accept women are objective to always being t he Damsel in Distress or are highly sexualities to target the male audience as the superhero o genre does have a male skew, this is why we most commonly see the hero be very muscular nine and very dominant. Masculinity cannot exist without femininity. On its own,masculinity has no m meaning, because it is but one half of a set of power relations.Masculinity pertains to male doom once as femininity pertains to female subordination This is a statement from feminist Sheila Jeffrey which explains how the hero saves the Damsel in Distress from a perilous situation and the man can never be seen a s dominant without taking control. This has been rooted into our society that women are seen as being the weaker sex and have been untouched on in the superhero genre whereas the men are very masculine and look dominant to the female.Superhero sitcoms that show this is The Adventures of Captain Marvel:The cue rise of the Scorpion (1941 ) directed by William Whitney John English, Agent Carter (2015 created by Christopher Markus Stephen McNealy also Kim Possible (2002) created by M ark McCormick and Superwoman is getting her first movie in 2017. Damsel in Distress is one of two main representations of Women in the super hero genre, the D. I. D is placed in a life threatening situation in which she cannot escape on he r own so needs to be saved by the hero.She would usually be very intelligent also feminine accept she knows her own mind but usually remains a love interest that of to the hero. This is of importance to the genre because it shows the hero as being strong and tough avian the poor innocent helpless women. But what type of message is this SE ending to young girls that we need to rely on a male to save us and not actually stick up for our selves. This is roles of gender, specifically the women is the damsel in distress and is seen a s shy, obedient and feminine.This convention is shown in the character Betty Wallace from the Adventures of Captain Marvel, Betty didnt have much of an opinion and followed the orders that she was glen. Even when Betty tried to voice her opinions they were not listened to and had to be saved by the hero as she was in a life threatening situation. Another scenario where this convention is shown is the character Carter from Agent carter, Carter was only accepted to do administrative duties as the Men took the do maintain roles and dont accept women as being agents because it was set in the 1 940s1950s err a,this is when Men took charge.She was foreseen as a damsel in distress and they treated h err like she wasnt capable. The difference between Carter and Betty is that Carter has a voice and didnt give up on pursuing to become an agent,she didnt give in to the obedience most women obliged to and stuck up for herself and what she believes in. Carter becomes an undercover agent and doesnt give up on proving she is right whereas Betty just goes along with ha tavern the males say do and doesnt stick up for what she believes in.The significance of this is truly the most widely used gender ed cliche that women are just most commonly seen as Dad messes in Distress, Betty was only shown when she needed saving or was in a life threat engine situation. The effect of this convention is to make the hero look heroic, You most dont c molly see a female superhero saving a man because weve been given the idea that isnt RI twitch really is not gender equality. Audience expectations of this convention which as been core to the popularize action and development of the superhero genre is that a D. I.D will need to saved, this ATT races the male market as they get to look masculine also be the big hero whereas the women n kick weaker, this helps to sell the genre because in reality Men and Young Boys enjoy Loki nag masculine also appearing as the dominant gender. The importance of this convention impacts society through Feminism because e the superhero genre sends a message to young girls and women that we need to rely on a m el hero to save us and not actually stick up for ourselves, because in reality we have to b e our own hero as no can save us. But in a Masculine world theyre always seen as the domino ant gender and more empowered.These issues would be reflected by the director because in the sasss asss era it was time of the working man who provided for their familial sees whereas the women would stay at home and look after the children ,clean or just do at ho me duties. The effects of this in the early superhero genre women were more untouched on and was mostly just about the hero and saving the day. The Hero represents the ideals of masculinity, most of the time. They uphold t he ideals that society deems good and what is right in the world. Theyre almost exclusively aligned with the government and their costume is usually bright or bold.They represent all the at is right in the world. This is of importance to the genre because without the hero there would be n o superhero genre,it gives people a sense of hope because the hero is trying to do good of r the greater mankind. This convention is shown in the Disney character Jim Possible from the cartoon TV rise on Disney channel. Jim was the first female superhero I saw that saved the world from Super Villains and had a male as a sidekick, Ron Stoppable who was the side k kick was almost like the Damsel in Distress as he always needed saving. This was differ .NET than the usual Masculine hero saves the Feminine women.Another famous superhero where this convention is shown is Wonder Women n, she has been the most famous heroine of all time also been a feminist icon since 1941. Yet, even though Wonder Women has had one Of the most gross selling comic books Of all time and even her wan TV series she is the only one out of the justice league who hasnt had her own movie. The difference between Kim Possible and Wonder Women is Kim was recognize zed as a strong independent hero and is the first female hero to have a sidekick specifically a male,Kim was a role model for younger girls and the younger generation.Although wonder w Oman was so popular she is still seen as the least important in the Justice League because t he male gender seem to be more dominant. The significance of this is that as the superhero g inner changes over time Women are more accepted to being a hero, Wonder Women is even eating her first movie in 2017 thi s is because society is started to change and more women a re edging for womens rights, what broader way to send that message than Wonder Women n have her own movie and appealing for the female audience over male. This is breaking the c lichen that women are only ever the Damsel in Distress and finally starting to show gene err equality. The audience expectations of this convention is that the Hero will save the dad y and all of greater mankind, Most of the audience usually attracts a male skew as most s upper heroes in the genre are male but as more female superheroes start evolving this will give women a sense Of empowerment and more feminist icons to look up to.The impact of this convention on society through gender equality because the superhero genre is starting to recognize female heroes and are playing equal parts to the e male, Jim possible is a prime example of a role model to young girls as she had to deal with typical pressure of school, family and social life also fighting the world. Kim is for see n as an independent young women which isnt usually done for women in the supers ere genre.

Assignment Coursera free essay sample

Score Explanation 6. 34 Correct 5. 00 Correct. This is where a spreadsheet comes in handy. Total 5. 00 / 5. 00 Question Explanation This is a simple IRR calculation. Drawing a time line helps. Question 3 (5 points) Austin needs to purchase a new heating/cooling system for his home. He is thinking about having a geothermal system installed, but he wants to know how long it will take to recoup the additional cost of the system. The geothermal system will cost $20,000. A conventional system will cost $7,000. Austin is eligible for a 30% tax credit to be applied immediately to the purchase. He estimates that he will save 1 ,500 per year in utility bills with the geothermal system. These cash outflows can be assumed to occur at the end of the year. The cost of capital (or interest rate) for Austin is 7%. How long will Austin have to use the system to Justify the additional expense over the conventional model? ( i. e, What is the DISCOUNTED payback period in years? Discount future cash flows before calculating payback and round to a whole year. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment Coursera or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) Answer for Question 3 Your Answer Score 6 Correct. You discounted before calculating payback, but it still is a very myopic measure. Total Simple payback calculation, but with discounting. Question 4 (10 points) In high school Jeff often made money in the summer by mowing lawns in the neighborhood. He Just finished his freshman year of college and, after taking a Business 101 class, he has some ideas about how to scale up his lawn mowing operation. Previously, he had used his fathers push mower, but he is thinking about getting a r101ng mower tnat wlll save tlme ana allow nvm to 00 more lawns. He Touna a used, zero turn, riding mower on Craigslist for $1,200. He will also need a trailer to pull the mower behind his pickup; that will cost him an additional $600. With the new ower he can take on an additional 20 lawns per week at an average cash inflow of $20 per lawn he will receive at the end of each week. He has 14 weeks of summer in which to mow lawns. (For convenience, assume that the mower and trailer will have no value after Jeff is done with his work this summer. ) The discount rate for Jeff is 10% (Keep in mind this is an annual rate). What is the Net Present Value of the mower/trailer project? Your Answer -1147 3117 4320 3720 10. 00 Correct. You know how to set up and calculate wv, at a weekly interval. Total 10. 00 / 10. 00 A fairly common NPV problem, with weekly compounding. Question 5 (10 points) Yassein is looking to refinance his home because rates have gone down from when he bought his house 10 years ago. He started with a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage of $288,000 at an annual rate of 6. 5%. He can now get a 20-year fixed-rate mortgage at an annual rate of 5. 5% on the remaining balance of his initial mortgage. (All loans require monthly payments. ) In order to re-flnance, Yassein will need to pay closing costs of $3,500. These costs are out of pocket and cannot be rolled into the new mortgage. How much will refinancing save Yassein? (i. e. What is the NPV of the refinancing decision? Your Answer 16467 17517 16975 Correct. This is a very common situation we all face all the time. 15463 A problem we saw last week, but I expect you to do this routinely now. It is a value generating opportunity through financing only because interest rates changed. Question 6 (10 points) Chandra has the opportunity to buy a vacant lot next to several commercial properties for $50,000. She plans to buy the property and spend another $60,000 immediately to put in a parking lot. She has talked to the local businesses and has some contracts lined up to fill the parking spaces. The profits from the ontracts will provide $25,000 per year and the contracts will last 10 years. What is the NPV of Chandras plan if the appropriate discount/interest rate is 10%? (Enter Just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals. ) Answer for Question 43614 Correct. You know how to calculate NPV. Questlon Explanatlon A standard NPV problem. Question 7 (10 points) This question introduces you to the concept of an annuity with growth. The formula is given on p. 3, equation (7), of the Note on Formulae, but I would encourage you to try doing it in Excel as well. (If the first cash flow is C, the next one ill be C(l+g), and so on, where g is the growth rate in cash flow). As an example, the present value of an annuity that starts one year from now at $100, and grows at 5%, with the last cash flow in year 10, when the discount rate is 7%, is $860. Confirm this before attempting the problem using both the formula and excel. What is the NPV of of a new manufacturing project that costs $100,000 today, but has a cash flow of $15,000 in year 1 that grows at 4% per year till year 12? Similar investments earn 7. 5% per year. (Enter Just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals. ) Answer for Question 7 0486 Correct. Hope you used both methods. This is a set up and calculation problem, nothing new conceptually. Question 8 (1 5 points) Diane has Just 18 and also completed high school and is wondering about the value of a college education. She is pretty good with numbers, and driven by financial considerations only, so she sits down to calculate whether it is worth the large sum of money. She knows that her first year tuition will be $12,000, due at the beginning of the year (that is, right away). Based on historical trends she estimates that tuition will rise at 6% per year for the 4 years she is in school. She also estimates that her living expense above and beyond tuition will be $8,000 per year (assume this occurs at the end of the year) for the first year and will increase $500 each year thereafter to keep up with inflation.

U.S

U.S The basis of North Korea’s nuclear program The United States should not interfere with North Korea’s nuclear weapon research and development in any way. North Korea is justified to explore into the nuclear weaponry due to its past experiences. Given the early partnership between the U.S and South Korea on International capital, this ended up hindering the growth and development of this nation. Hence, North Korea as a nation figure that it had a powerful nation for an enemy and just as any other nation went ahead to establish security strategies ( Thiroux, 2009, p.3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on U.S North Korean relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to this, North Korea until 1991 was a communist country. Thus with the fall of the Berlin wall, this particular nation could not produce enough goods for its own people. Therefore, a good majority of the supplies were imported from the n eighboring countries: from agricultural inputs to manufactured goods. This clearly drained the economy and therefore the just like any other nation that would do anything for its economic survival, so did North Korea through investing in nuclear weaponry (Nikisch, 2002, p. 8) In addition to this, North Korea hasn’t had much to be proud of as a nation. Be it its history or resources. Therefore, the development of the nuclear weaponry does not necessarily mean that they are preparing for war. It is probably the sense of innovation that is driving them. At least with the supply of nuclear gas, the nation has been able to manufacture this weaponry. This has also made the nation very popular as its relations with the United States gets sour day out. Therefore, it is probably going against the rules that the nation can gather enough attention. Therefore, the United States has no business dictating what North Korea should do otherwise there would be no improvements on the already so ur relations. The U.S- North Korean relations The U.S has always wanted to be the only world super power given that it also has some of the most sophisticated weapons. Therefore, this clearly illustrates that it will definitely stand at nothing to foresee that no nation surpasses it. ( Thiroux, 2009, p. 1).They have therefore done this by claiming that North Korea is preparing itself to go to war, which is most certainly not true. However, this powerful nation has been able to brainwash all other nations for support in stopping the development of these weaponry. Some political scholars have also mentioned that North Korea could be preparing itself for the third world war. These are probably the American based scholars who for sure do not understand why North Korea is doing what it is currently doing in terms of technological advancement. Surely, North Korea could be doing this with the sole aim of quenching their thirst for knowledge and innovation. So clearly the United States assu mes that it is the only nation that should to do this worldwide. The human rights concern In addition to this, the United States has that bad habit of poking its nose in matters that does not even concern it. This shows that it is very insecure of losing its position as the global hegemon. Therefore, it has gone ahead to establish spy networks across the world which are normally very expensive to maintain.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore they end up using the taxpayers’ money on very irrelevant issues. This in itself is an abuse of human rights principles because the Americans end up being taxed so highly for very irrelevant missions in these hard economic times (Habib, 2009, p.6). More on matters regarding human rights, North Korea has not done anything so far to signify that it is abusing human rights principles. As a matter of fact, a good n umber of North Koreans have been able to provide for their families through these programs. Science and technology has also become an integral part of the North Korean community. In a couple of decades, the nation will be as far much ahead as China is in economics and this seems to depress the United States so much. Given the quick rise of China from nothing to something the global arena, the U.S just cannot stand any more competition, especially from the East. Future international relations Despite the fact that the United States has made North Korea look like the guilty party, the future international relations between North Korea and other nations seems to be picking up very fast in a positive direction. For example China has been for a while a good source foreign assistance towards North Korea for quite some time now. This has definitely made the U.S lose its mind given that China is an emerging economic super power. The aid from China is furthermore very appealing given that it rarely comes along with some strings attached and in addition to this, the goods are normally very affordable to North Korea. In a nutshell, the United States should accept that the global trends are changing really fast. Instead of focusing on matters that hinders other nation’s growth and development it should channel the resources to the improvement of its so badly damaged economy due the recession. It should be focusing on important issues within its boundaries and let North Korea do what it has to do because clearly there is no sign that it is ready to stop at any given point. References Habib, B.(2009) North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Program: The futility of  Denuclearization negotiation. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on U.S North Korean relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nikisch, L. ( 2002) North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Program. Web. Thiroux, T. Krasema.J. (2009) Theory and Practice (10th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson publishers.

Women's role in Hinduisim and Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women's role in Hinduisim and Judaism - Essay Example This work intends to look into the role of women in Hinduism and Judaism. In order to understand what views the religions hold, the work primarily focuses on religious texts rather than contemporary social reality. This is so because what is practiced in the society is often slightly different from what is prescribed. Admittedly, Hinduism and Judaism are much older than many other religions. (Tuyizere 66). A look into the position of women in Hindu religion will provide the researcher with a number of contradicting views because while women enjoy equal status with men in some places, cultures, and texts, they seem to face many restrictions in some other cases. The reason may be that Hinduism is not a single religion, but is a union of various religions possessing considerably different views. Anyway, Vedas and Upanishads are considered as the basic tenets of Hinduism, and hence, the research on any subject in Hinduism should begin there. To begin with, a look into Vedas shows that a daughter is considered inferior to a son. To illustrate, Rig Veda presents the reader with a number of prayers for the birth of sons (Rig Veda I.91.20; III.1.23). These brave and religious sons are considered important because a son is necessary to perform religious rites to the ancestors. Thus, without a son, salvation of ancestors becomes a difficult task (Rig Veda V.85.25). As a result of this position, there is a degree of uneasiness associated with the birth of a girl child (Atharva Veda. VIII. 6. 25). Similarly, a look into Atharva Veda shows various charms and rituals in order to ensure the birth of a son (Atharva Veda VIII.6). Despite these differences, one can find references indicating equal position enjoyed by boys and girls in the Vedic society. For example, Atharva Veda (XI.5.18) shows that girls spent their early years in Brahmacharya ashram