Culture in Negotiation - 7014 Words

This article was downloaded by: [UQ Library] On: 09 September 2011, At: 16:52 Publisher: Psychology Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK International Journal of Psychology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/pijp20 Culture and Negotiation Jeanne M. Brett Available online: 21 Sep 2010 To cite this article: Jeanne M. Brett (2000): Culture and Negotiation, International Journal of Psychology, 35:2, 97-104 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002075900399385 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of†¦show more content†¦This article develops a conceptual model to explain how culture impacts negotiation . It draws on previous research on culture and on negotiation to develop an understandin g of how culture affects negotiation processes and outcomes. The article begins with a review of fundamental concepts in the literature on negotiation and culture. These concepts provide a language for what we know and what we do not know about culture and negotiation and allow us to build a model of factors affecting inter-cultural negotiation process and outcome. A MODEL OF INTER-CULTURAL NEGOTIATION Negotiation Negotiation is a form of social interaction. It is the process by which two or more parties try to resolve perceived incompatibl e goals (Carnevale Pruitt, 1992). In order to understand the effect of culture on negotiation, it is useful to have a mental model of negotiation. What is it that people mean when they say they negotiate? What is involved in negotiating? What is a good outcome in negotiation? What does it take to get a good outcome? What goes wrong in a negotiation that has a poor outcome? However, if culture has an effect on negotiation, the mental models of negotiators from one culture may not map on to the mental models of negotiators from another culture, making the speci ® cation of a single mental model problematic. There are two ways to approach this problem of specifying a mentalShow MoreRelatedNegotiations in an Organizational Culture1556 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿NEGOTIATIONS The term organizational culture is related to the study and understanding of the dynamics involved at a personal as well as a group level in work settings. The term also deals with the nature of the work as well (Kudisch et al. 1995). There are several factors that come into play when people interact in works. Understanding organizational culture is becoming increasingly important since the work is becoming a global village and people with diverse background and culture have to interactRead MoreThe Influence of Culture on Negotiation1342 Words   |  6 Pages The Influence of Culture on Negotiations Negotiation Elements and Cultural Dimensions adopt a much less confrontational style in order to avoid direct, aggressive conflict. These cultures may adopt a more collaborative orientation toward the negotiations. In developing a strategy, it must also include levels of risk a party is willing to take for sharing the information, revealing positions, and general considerations on how to best approach a collaborative negotiation strategy. AccordingRead MoreCulture Difference in Business Negotiation1456 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness negotiation 〠Abstract】International business negotiation is playing a more and more important role in modem society. We can see clearly that there are great differences in international business negotiation. Specially, culture can influence negotiating styles in different ways, because negotiators who may come from another nation is different from us in language, beliefs, behaviors manners, Privacy, Food custom, time, thinking, value and attitudes and so on. Different cultures express differentRead MoreCulture And International Business Negotiations1188 Words   |  5 PagesCulture and International Business Negotiations Global trades account for more than 60% of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (The Economist, 2014, para. 2), therefore, the important role of International Business Negotiations (IBN) in the global economy. Manrai and Manrai article The Influence of Culture in International Business Negotiations (2010) discusses the art and sciences aspects of successful IBN from a cultural perspective. Culture has been classified in innumerable ways and the comprehensionRead MoreNegotiation and Culture: Case Study24152 Words   |  97 PagesCulture and Negotiations Why do Japanese negotiators behave in the manner they do? How does culture affect negotiating behavior and outcomes? MASTER THESIS Author’s name: Patrycja J. Krause Student’s number: 258891 Academic advisor: Sà ¸ren O. Hilligsà ¸e Faculty of English Aarhus School of Business May 2006 I would like to thank my Mom, Barbara, for her understanding, encouragement and eternal support, as well as my advisor, Sà ¸ren O. Hilligsà ¸e, for his academic help, advice and faith in me keepingRead MoreHow Culture Affects Negotiation Styles3614 Words   |  15 PagesHow culture affects negotiation styles? Comparing New Zealand with Thailand in business negotiations 15066443 Maria Mishell Albores Assignment 3 Literature Review 219.703 Advanced Business Communication Lecturer: Mingshing Li Semester One 2015 Abstract This literature review paper will review the effects of culture on negotiations, using New Zealand and Thailand as the key countries of comparison. It will first cover how culture general affects negotiations. Then, it will compare the general cultureRead MoreInfluence Of Japanese Culture On Business Relationships And Negotiations1781 Words   |  8 Pages possible to meet a buyer’s wishes† (The Influence of Japanese Culture on Business Relationships and Negotiations, 1992, p. 56). Because the seller is in the lower position, they should use honorific language when addressing the buyer or they risk alienating a potential customer. Japan’s vertical structure can also lock Americans out due to the reciprocal relationships many businesses have with large banks and corporations. This structure is called keiretsu, of family of companies. AlthoughRead MoreThe Strong Need For Proper Negotiations Between Different Cultures949 Words   |  4 Pagesstrong need for proper negotiations between different cultures. This topic is one that needs everyone’s full attention, especially for those professionals involved in negotiations or government. Yes, this matter touches governments, because such negotiations, in many occasions involve other countries. For this particular exploration, one will focus on negotiations with Mexico. Therefore, it is for this affair that everyone must understand how important cross-culture negotiations are for this countryRead MoreDifferences Between Business Negotiations Between Different Cultures902 Words   |  4 PagesDifferences in Business Negotiations between Different Cultu res â€Å"Negotiation is a process where two or more parties with different needs and goals discuss an issue to find a mutually acceptable solution† (Queensland Government, 2014). This has proven to be an effective mechanism in contributing to firms’ success. However, with the introduction of globalization, there is a consistent concerned of upon how negotiations should be conducted between separate countries and cultures (Chang, 2006, para.1)Read MoreNegotiation Process and the Role That Culture Plays in Each Stage977 Words   |  4 PagesCross cultural negotiation stages Explain each stage of the negotiation process and the role that culture plays in each stage. Give example to support your answer There are 6 distinct stages to the negotiation process and they are all about effective communication. Since people’s culture has a strong bearing on how they communicate, the culture of the negotiating parties impacts how they negotiate and also determines whether they are successful in achieving the goals of their side. : (1) preparation;

The Motivations And Satisfaction Of Lic Students Essay

To investigate the motivations and satisfaction of LIC students when studying in the UK Introduction There is a prevalent trend of students going abroad for further study in the UK. In fact, the UK has become the second most common option for overseas students to study which is just behind the United Stateï ¼Ë†King et al., 2010). According to the data from UK Council for International Student Affairs (UKCISA) (2015), 19 percent of the students in the UK are from abroad. Studies have shown that oversea study experience can help students improve English proficiency, gain cultural experience, enhance individual competency, construct self-consciousness and notional consciousness, embrace diversity, and promote the sense of responsibility (Rhodes et al., 2012). As there are many benefits of overseas study, it is significant for the UK government and universities to understand the motivations of international students when they decide to study in the UK as well as the degree of satisfaction of their learning experience, so that they are able to realize their attractions and weaknesses. In particular, for Liverpool International College, this research will be able to give the college managers insight into the factors appealing to oversea students and then optimize its performance. For students, it can help them prepare before departing from their origin countries and adapt quickly to the UK courses. The objectives of this research are: To determine the motivations of LIC studentsShow MoreRelatedIntroduction And Design Of The Study3406 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION The human resource is considered as the backbone of any economic enterprise i.e., public, private or corporate. 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The Bank was promoted jointly by the Administrator of the specified undertaking of the Unit Trust of India (UTI - I), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) and other four PSU insurance companies, i.e. National Insurance Company Ltd., The New India Assurance Company Ltd., The Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. and United India Insurance Company Ltd. The BankRead MoreBusiness Studies Notes Full Syllabus22444 Words   |  90 Pagesvestibule training, apprenticeship training and internship training. 3   XII  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  Business  Studies   AK Unit 7: o o Directing Concept and importance Elements of Directing Supervision - concept, functions of a supervisor. (Periods 16) Motivation - concept, Maslows hierarchy of needs; Financial and non-financial incentives. Leadership - concept, styles - authoritative, democratic and laissen faire. 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Meals Free Essays

Meals on Wheels Meals on Wheels was a very good community service that taught me some good things. Meals on Wheels is a voluntary work service that deals with elderly people who are sick, from diabetes to cancer. We as voluntary workers drop food off to these sick people who are registered through the hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on Meals or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many different types of patients you meet. They all happen to be around the same area as well. As we stop by the meals on wheels headquarters we first sign in and then pick up cooler full of cold food and a warm lunch bag to put the hot meals in. We then drive over to SST. Jude hospital where we pick up the hot food that has the patients names labeled on them. From here we drive to each patients house or apartment complex and drop off their assigned foods, which is one cold food meal pack, one milk, and a hot meal pack. Some places are so easy as getting off and dropping it off in the ice box they have set in front of their house or apartment complex while other patients e have to ring the door bell and hand it to them. Some days we will talk to some of these patients. For instance, at one of the first stops an older lady would come outside as we drop the food off and explain to me as she’s very sick and doesn’t feel well. Then go to explain how we walk with Jesus because we are doing this for her and how we are very blessed for doing it. It goes to show me how lucky I am for being young and healthy at the age I am and not take life for granted. Another Instance loud be an elderly guy who sits outside with his dog everyday before we pull up to drop his food off. He always seems to be In a very good mood and explains to me how I should be at the beach and not here doing this service. It shows the different kinds of people that are out there and there perspective towards things. Most of the people have their kids or husbands answer the door for them to get their food. At the end of the day we have delivered the food to twelve different people and head back to the Meals on Wheels headquarters where we drop off the lunch bag and the cooler. That Is the typical day of the Meals on Wheels service work. Hopefully some day In the future I can do this again on my free time. How to cite Meals, Papers

Superhero Genre Essay Georgia Jury Putter free essay sample

Women from the superhero genre in the sass were all about being the Dam sell in Distress,but todays modern superhero genre seem to be about Femme Fatal e and the woman relying less on the man. Accept women are objective to always being t he Damsel in Distress or are highly sexualities to target the male audience as the superhero o genre does have a male skew, this is why we most commonly see the hero be very muscular nine and very dominant. Masculinity cannot exist without femininity. On its own,masculinity has no m meaning, because it is but one half of a set of power relations.Masculinity pertains to male doom once as femininity pertains to female subordination This is a statement from feminist Sheila Jeffrey which explains how the hero saves the Damsel in Distress from a perilous situation and the man can never be seen a s dominant without taking control. This has been rooted into our society that women are seen as being the weaker sex and have been untouched on in the superhero genre whereas the men are very masculine and look dominant to the female.Superhero sitcoms that show this is The Adventures of Captain Marvel:The cue rise of the Scorpion (1941 ) directed by William Whitney John English, Agent Carter (2015 created by Christopher Markus Stephen McNealy also Kim Possible (2002) created by M ark McCormick and Superwoman is getting her first movie in 2017. Damsel in Distress is one of two main representations of Women in the super hero genre, the D. I. D is placed in a life threatening situation in which she cannot escape on he r own so needs to be saved by the hero.She would usually be very intelligent also feminine accept she knows her own mind but usually remains a love interest that of to the hero. This is of importance to the genre because it shows the hero as being strong and tough avian the poor innocent helpless women. But what type of message is this SE ending to young girls that we need to rely on a male to save us and not actually stick up for our selves. This is roles of gender, specifically the women is the damsel in distress and is seen a s shy, obedient and feminine.This convention is shown in the character Betty Wallace from the Adventures of Captain Marvel, Betty didnt have much of an opinion and followed the orders that she was glen. Even when Betty tried to voice her opinions they were not listened to and had to be saved by the hero as she was in a life threatening situation. Another scenario where this convention is shown is the character Carter from Agent carter, Carter was only accepted to do administrative duties as the Men took the do maintain roles and dont accept women as being agents because it was set in the 1 940s1950s err a,this is when Men took charge.She was foreseen as a damsel in distress and they treated h err like she wasnt capable. The difference between Carter and Betty is that Carter has a voice and didnt give up on pursuing to become an agent,she didnt give in to the obedience most women obliged to and stuck up for herself and what she believes in. Carter becomes an undercover agent and doesnt give up on proving she is right whereas Betty just goes along with ha tavern the males say do and doesnt stick up for what she believes in.The significance of this is truly the most widely used gender ed cliche that women are just most commonly seen as Dad messes in Distress, Betty was only shown when she needed saving or was in a life threat engine situation. The effect of this convention is to make the hero look heroic, You most dont c molly see a female superhero saving a man because weve been given the idea that isnt RI twitch really is not gender equality. Audience expectations of this convention which as been core to the popularize action and development of the superhero genre is that a D. I.D will need to saved, this ATT races the male market as they get to look masculine also be the big hero whereas the women n kick weaker, this helps to sell the genre because in reality Men and Young Boys enjoy Loki nag masculine also appearing as the dominant gender. The importance of this convention impacts society through Feminism because e the superhero genre sends a message to young girls and women that we need to rely on a m el hero to save us and not actually stick up for ourselves, because in reality we have to b e our own hero as no can save us. But in a Masculine world theyre always seen as the domino ant gender and more empowered.These issues would be reflected by the director because in the sasss asss era it was time of the working man who provided for their familial sees whereas the women would stay at home and look after the children ,clean or just do at ho me duties. The effects of this in the early superhero genre women were more untouched on and was mostly just about the hero and saving the day. The Hero represents the ideals of masculinity, most of the time. They uphold t he ideals that society deems good and what is right in the world. Theyre almost exclusively aligned with the government and their costume is usually bright or bold.They represent all the at is right in the world. This is of importance to the genre because without the hero there would be n o superhero genre,it gives people a sense of hope because the hero is trying to do good of r the greater mankind. This convention is shown in the Disney character Jim Possible from the cartoon TV rise on Disney channel. Jim was the first female superhero I saw that saved the world from Super Villains and had a male as a sidekick, Ron Stoppable who was the side k kick was almost like the Damsel in Distress as he always needed saving. This was differ .NET than the usual Masculine hero saves the Feminine women.Another famous superhero where this convention is shown is Wonder Women n, she has been the most famous heroine of all time also been a feminist icon since 1941. Yet, even though Wonder Women has had one Of the most gross selling comic books Of all time and even her wan TV series she is the only one out of the justice league who hasnt had her own movie. The difference between Kim Possible and Wonder Women is Kim was recognize zed as a strong independent hero and is the first female hero to have a sidekick specifically a male,Kim was a role model for younger girls and the younger generation.Although wonder w Oman was so popular she is still seen as the least important in the Justice League because t he male gender seem to be more dominant. The significance of this is that as the superhero g inner changes over time Women are more accepted to being a hero, Wonder Women is even eating her first movie in 2017 thi s is because society is started to change and more women a re edging for womens rights, what broader way to send that message than Wonder Women n have her own movie and appealing for the female audience over male. This is breaking the c lichen that women are only ever the Damsel in Distress and finally starting to show gene err equality. The audience expectations of this convention is that the Hero will save the dad y and all of greater mankind, Most of the audience usually attracts a male skew as most s upper heroes in the genre are male but as more female superheroes start evolving this will give women a sense Of empowerment and more feminist icons to look up to.The impact of this convention on society through gender equality because the superhero genre is starting to recognize female heroes and are playing equal parts to the e male, Jim possible is a prime example of a role model to young girls as she had to deal with typical pressure of school, family and social life also fighting the world. Kim is for see n as an independent young women which isnt usually done for women in the supers ere genre.